Rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection
Welcome! On this webpage we try to summarize the results of manufacturer independent evaluations of antigen detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2.
Background
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous Ag-RDTs have appeared on the market. On their homepage, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) provides a list of Ag-RDTs [1] which fulfill certain minimum requirements. These requirements were jointly determined by the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI) and Robert-Koch-Institute (RKI) to include a sensitivity of >70% and a specificity >97% [2].
Manufacturer independent evaluations are important to provide an objective assessment of a test’s accuracy. Thus far only evaluations by the tests’ manufacturers themselves are summarized. Therefore, on this webpage we try to give an overview on the data published by manufacturer independent researchers. Using the linked calculator, it is also possible to convert the shown sensitivity and specificity into the concrete amount of true and false test results.
We are aware that some of the studies presented below differ widely in their methods. Thus, we advise especially for Ag-RDTs that have only been evaluated by a small amount of studies to judge their sensitivity not only based on clinical accuracy below, but also to take their limit of detection as found in analytical studies [link to the analytical studies page] into consideration.
| Author | Study location | Time horizon | QUADAS | Independent | Sample condition | Sample type | Sample size | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) |
| AAZ, COVID-VIRO® | |||||||||
| Schwob, J.M., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | low concern | yes | unclear | NP | 248 | 96.7% (95% CI 91.8*-99.1*) | 100% (95% CI 97.1*-100*) |
| Courtellemont, L., et al. | France | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 324 | 84.1% (95% CI 76.9-89.7) | 100% (95% CI 98.0*-100*) |
| Abbott, BinaxNOW™ | |||||||||
| Pollock, N.R., et al. | USA | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | AN | 2308 | 78.1% (95% CI 77.4-72.2) | 99.4% (95% CI 99.0-99.7) |
| Pilarowski, G., et al. | USA | prosp. | low concern | no | unclear | AN | 878 | 57.7% (95% CI 36.9*-76.7*) | 100%* (95% CI 99.6*-100*) |
| James, A. E., et al. | USA | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | AN | 2339 | 56.5% (95% CI 48.7-64.5) | 99.9% (95% CI 99.7-100) |
| Prince-Guerra, J.L., et al. | USA | prosp. | low concern | yes | stored | AN | 3419 | 52.5% (95% CI 46.7-58.3) | 99.9% (95% CI 99.7-100) |
| Abbott, Panbio™ | |||||||||
| Alemany, A., et al. | Spain | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | frozen | NP | 919 | 93.4% (95% CI 91.5-95.0) | 100% (95% CI 95.8-100) |
| Merino-Amador, P., et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | no | unclear | NP | 958 | 90.5% (95% CI 87.5-93.6) | 98.8% (95% CI 98.0-99.7) |
| Krüger, L.J., et al. | Germany | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 1034 | 87.5% (95% CI 79.8-92.5) | 99.9% (95% CI 99.4-100) |
| Schwob, J.M., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | low concern | yes | unclear | NP | 271 | 86.1% (95% CI 78.6-91.7) | 100% (95% CI 97.6*-100*) |
| Berger, A., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 535 | 85.5% (95% CI 78.0-91.2) | 100% (95% CI 99.1-100) |
| Abdulrahman, A., et al. | Bahrain | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | AN | 4183 | 82.1% (95% CI 79.2-84.8) | 99.1% (95% CI 98.8-99.4) |
| Gremmels, H., et al. | Netherlands | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 208 | 81.0% (95% CI 69.0-89.9) | 100% (95% CI 97.5-100) |
| Ngo Nsoga, M.T., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | OP | 402 | 81.0% (95% CI 74.2-86.6) | 99.1% (95% CI 96.9-99.9) |
| Albert, E., et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | no | fresh | NP | 412 | 79.6% (95% CI 67.0-88.8) | 100% (95% CI 98.7-100) |
| Alemany, A., et al. | Spain | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | frozen | MT | 487 | 79.5% (95% CI 71.0-86.4) | 98.7% (95% CI 96.9-99.6) |
| Fenollar, F., et al. | France | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 341 | 75.5% (95% CI 69.5-81.5) | 94.9% (95% CI 91.2-98.6) |
| Linares, M., et al. | Spain | prosp. | unclear | yes | fresh | NP | 255 | 73.3% (95% CI 62.2-83.8) | 100% (95% CI 98.1*-100*) |
| Gremmels, H., et al. | Netherlands | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 1367 | 72.6% (95% CI 64.5-79.9) | 100% (95% CI 99.7-100) |
| Halfon, P. et al. | France | unclear | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | NP | 200 | 72.0% (95% CI 62.0-81.0) | 99.0% (95% CI 95.0-100) |
| Bulilete, O., et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 1362* | 71.4% (95% CI 63.2*-78.7) | 99.8% (95% CI 99.4-99.9) |
| Drevinek, P., et al. | Czech Republic | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 591 | 66.4% (95% CI 59.9-72.2) | 100% (95% CI 99.0-100) |
| Lanser, L., et al. | Austria | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 53 | 60.8% (95% CI 46.1-74.2) | 100%* (95% CI 15.8*-100*) |
| Agullo, V., et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 652* | 57.3% (95% CI 48.3-65.8) | 99.8% (95% CI 98.8-100) |
| Schildgen, V., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | BAL/TW | 73 | 50.0% (95% CI 34.2*-65.8*) | 77.4% (95% CI 58.9*-90.4*) |
| Krüger, L.J., et al. | Germany | prosp. | high concern | yes | fresh | OP | 74 | 50.0% (95% CI 1.3-98.7) | 100% (95% CI 94.9-100) |
| Torres, I., et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | no | unclear | NP | 634 | 48.1% (95% CI 37.4-58.9) | 100% (95% CI 99.3-100) |
| Agullo, V., et al. | Spain | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | AN | 659 | 44.7% (95% CI 36.1-53.6) | 100% (95% CI 99.1-100) |
| Olearo, F., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | OP | 184 | 44.6% (95% CI 34.3-55.3) | 100% (95% CI 96.3-100) |
| Agullo, V., et al. | Spain | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | saliva | 610 | 23.1% (95% CI 16.2-31.9) | 100% (95% CI 99.0-100) |
| Becton, Dickinson and Company, BD Veritor™ | |||||||||
| Pekosz, A., et al. | USA | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP | 251 | 96.4% (95% CI 82.3-99.4) | 98.7% (95% CI 96.1-99.7) |
| Van der Moeren, N., et al. | Netherlands | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | frozen | NP/OP | 351* | 94.1% (95% CI 71.1-100) | 100% (95% CI 98.9-100) |
| Van der Moeren, N., et al. | Netherlands | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | frozen | NP/OP | 123 | 78.9% (95% CI 70.6-85.7) | not provided |
| Young, S., et al. | USA | prosp. | intermediate concern | no | frozen | NP | 251 | 76.3%* (95% CI 60.8*-87.0*) | 99.5%* (95% CI 97.4*-99.9*) |
| Beijing Savant Biotechnology, SARS-CoV-2 detection kit | |||||||||
| Weitzel, T., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP/OP | 109 | 16.7% (95% CI 10.0-26.5*) | 100% (95% CI 89.0-100) |
| Bionote, NowCheck® | |||||||||
| FIND | Brazil | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 400 | 89.2% (95% CI 81.7-93.9) | 97.3% (95% CI 94.8-98.6) |
| Coris BioConcept, COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip | |||||||||
| Mertens, P., et al. | Belgium | retro. | intermediate concern | no | stored | NP | 328 | 57.6% (95% CI 48.7*-66.1*) | 99.5% (95% CI 97.2*-100*) |
| Lambert-Niclot, S., et al. | France | prosp. | unclear | yes | fresh | NP | 138 | 50.0% (95% CI 39.5-60.5) | 100% (95% CI 91.8-100) |
| Krüger, L.J., et al. | Germany/England | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh or transported | NP/OP | 417 | 50.0% (95% CI 21.5-78.5) | 95.8% (95% CI 93.4-97.4) |
| Ciotti, M., et al. | Italy | prosp. | unclear | yes | fresh | NP | 50 | 30.8% (95% CI 17.0-47.6) | 100% (95% CI 71.5-100) |
| Scohy, A., et al. | Belgium | prosp. | intermediate concern | no | cooled (4°C) | NP | 148 | 30.2% (95% CI 21.7-39.9) | 100% (95% CI 91.6*-100*) |
| Veyrenche, N., et al. | France | retro. | high concern | yes | fresh | NP | 65 | 29.0% (95% CI 15.7-42.3) | 100% (95% CI 83.2*-100*) |
| Denka, Quick Navi | |||||||||
| Takeuchi, Y., et al. | Japan | prosp. | low concern | no | fresh | NP | 1186 | 86.7% (95% CI 78.6-92.5) | 100% (95% CI 99.7-100) |
| EcoDiagnostica, COVID-19 Ag | |||||||||
| Filgueiras, P.S., et al. | Brazil | prosp. | unclear | no | fresh | NP | 150 | 69.0% (95% CI 55.0-81.0) | 98.0% (95% CI 94.0-100) |
| Fujirebio, ESPLINE® SARS-CoV-2 | |||||||||
| Takeda, Y., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | no | unclear | NP | 162 | 80.7%* (95% CI 68.6*-89.6*) | 100%* (95% CI 96.4*-100*) |
| Yokota, I., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP | 17 | 58.8%* (95% CI 32.9*-81.6*) | not provided |
| Yokota, I., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | saliva | 17 | 23.5%* (95% CI 6.8*-49.9*) | not provided |
| Nagura-Ikeda, M., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | yes | frozen | saliva | 103 | 11.7% (95% CI 6.2-19.5) | not provided |
| Fujirebio, Lumipulse® G SARS-CoV-2 Ag | |||||||||
| Yokota, I., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP | 17 | 100% (95% CI 80.5*-100) | not provided |
| Yokota, I., et al. | Japan | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | saliva | 17 | 82.4%* (95% CI 56.6*-96.2*) | not provided |
| Basso, D., et al. | Italy | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 234 | 81.6% (95% CI 71.0-89.5) | 93.8% (95% CI 86.2-98.0) |
| Menchinelli, G., et al. | Italy | unclear | intermediate concern | yes | stored | NP | 594 | 79.9% (95% CI 73.6-85.3) | 99.3% (95% CI 97.8-99.8) |
| Basso, D., et al. | Italy | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | saliva | 223 | 41.3% (95% CI 30.4-52.8) | 98.6% (95% CI 95.0-99.8) |
| Innova Medical Group, INNOVA SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test | |||||||||
| Houston, H., et al. | United Kingdom | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 242 | 86.4% (CI 95% 81.1-90.0) | 95.1% (CI 95% 92.6-96.7) |
| Peto, T., et al. | United Kingdom | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | 6954 | not provided | 99.7% (not provided) |
| Peto, T., et al. | United Kingdom | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | 198 | 78.8% (95% CI 72.4-84.3) | not provided |
| Peto, T., et al. | United Kingdom | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | 223 | 70.0% (95% CI 63.5-75.9) | not provided |
| Peto, T., et al. | United Kingdom | unclear | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | 372 | 57.5% (95% CI 52.3-62.6) | not provided |
| Liming Bio, SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT | |||||||||
| Weitzel, T., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP/OP | 19 | 0.0% (95% CI 0.0-29.9) | 90.0% (95% CI 59.6-98.2) |
| MEDsan®, SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test | |||||||||
| Olearo, F., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | OP | 184 | 45.8% (35.5%-56.5%) | 97.0% (91.5%-98.9%) |
| NAL von minden, NADAL | |||||||||
| Strömer, A., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | frozen | NP | 124 | 73.1% (not provided) | not provided |
| QUIDEL, Sofia SARS Antigen FIA | |||||||||
| Porte, L., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP/OP | 64 | 93.8% (95% CI 79.9-98.3) | 96.9% (95% CI 84.3-99.4) |
| Beck, E.T., et al. | USA | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 346 | 77.0% (95% CI 64.5*-86.9*) | 99.6% (95% CI 98.1*-100*) |
| Herrera, V., et al. | USA | prosp. | unclear | yes | unclear | unclear | 1172 | 76.8% (95% CI 72.6-80.5) | 99.2% (95% CI 98.2-99.7) |
| RapiGEN, Biocredit Covid-19 Antigen Detection Kit | |||||||||
| Shrestha, B., et al. | Nepal | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | NP | 113 | 85.0% (95% CI 71.7*-93.8*) | 100% (95% CI 94.6*-100*) |
| FIND | Brazil | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 476 | 74.4% (95% CI 65.8-81.4) | 99.0% (95% CI 97.2-99.6) |
| Weitzel, T., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NOP | 109 | 62.0% (95% CI 51.0-71.9) | 100% (95% CI 88.7-100) |
| Abdelrazik, A.M., et al. | Egypt | unclear | high concern | yes | cooled (4°C) | NP | 188 | 43.1% (95% CI 35.9*-50.5*) | not provided |
| Schildgen, V., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | BAL/TW | 73 | 33.3% (95% CI 19.6*-49.6*) | 87.1% (95% CI 70.2*-94.6*) |
| R-Biopharm, RIDA®QUICK SARS-CoV-2 Antigen | |||||||||
| Toptan, T., et al. | Germany | retro. | intermediate concern | no | frozen | unclear | 67 | 77.6% (95% CI 64.7*-87.5*) | 100% (95% CI 66.4*-100*) |
| Toptan, T., et al. | Germany | retro. | unclear | no | cooled (4°C) | NP/OP | 70 | 50.0% (95% CI 31.9*-68.1*) | 100% (95% CI 90.8*-100*) |
| Salofa, Salocor SARS-CoV-2 Antigen | |||||||||
| Ahava, M.J., et al. | Finland | retro. | high concern | yes | frozen | serum | 148 | 96.2% (95% CI 80.4-99.9) | 98.0% (95% CI 94.2-99.6) |
| SD Biosensor, Standard F | |||||||||
| Porte, L., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP/OP | 64 | 90.6% (95% CI 75.8-96.8) | 96.9% (95% CI 84.3-99.4) |
| FIND | Brazil | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 453 | 77.5% (95% CI 69.2-84.1) | 97.9% (95% CI 95.7-99.0) |
| Drevinek, P., et al. | Czech Republic | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 591 | 62.3% (95% CI 55.8-68.4) | 99.5% (95% CI 98.0-99.9) |
| Osterman, A., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | NP/OP | 360 | 60.9% (95% CI 53.7-67.5) | 97.8% (95% CI 95.7-98.9) |
| Liotti, F.M., et al. | Italy | retro. | intermediate concern | yes | cooled (4°C) | NP | 359 | 47.1% (95% CI 37.1-57.1) | 98.4% (95% CI 96.0-99.6) |
| SD Biosensor / Roche, Standard Q | |||||||||
| Chaimayo, C., et al. | Thailand | unclear | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP/OP | 454 | 98.3% (95% CI 91.1-100) | 98.7% (95% CI 97.1-99.6) |
| Schwob, J.M., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | low concern | yes | unclear | NP | 333 | 92.9% (95% CI 86.4-96.9) | 100% (95% CI 98.3*-100*) |
| Berger, A., et al. | Switzerland | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 529 | 89.0% (95% CI 83.7-93.1) | 99.7% (95% CI 98.4-100) |
| FIND | Brazil | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 400 | 88.7% (95% CI 81.3-93.4) | 97.6% (95% CI 95.2-98.8) |
| Schildgen, V., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | BAL/TW | 73 | 88.1% (95% CI 74.4*-96.0*) | 19.4% (95% CI 7.5*-37.5*) |
| Lindner, A.K., et al. | Germany | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 139 | 85.0% (955 CI 70.9-92.9) | 99.1% (95% CI 94.8-99.5) |
| Iglὁi, Z., et al. | Netherlands | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 970 | 84.9% (95% CI 79.1-89.4) | 99.5% (95% CI 98.7-99.8) |
| Gupta, A., et al. | India | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 330 | 81.8% (95% CI 71.3-89.6) | 99.6% (95% CI 97.8-99.9) |
| Turcato, G., et al. | Italy | prosp. | unclear | unclear | fresh | NP | 3410 | 80.3% (95% CI 74.9-85.4) | 99.1% (95% CI 98.6-99.3) |
| Lindner, A.K., et al. | Germany | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 289 | 79.5% (95% CI 64.5-89.2) | 99.6% (95% CI 97.8-100) |
| Krüger, L.J., et al. | Germany/England | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh or transported | NP/OP | 1263 | 76.6% (95% CI 62.8-86.4) | 99.3% (95% CI 98.6-99.6) |
| Möckel, M., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP/OP | 271 | 75.3% (95% CI 65.8-83.4) | 100% (95% CI 98.4-100) |
| Lindner, A.K., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | AN | 289 | 74.4% (95% CI 58.9-85.4) | 99.2% (95% CI 97.1-99.8) |
| Lindner, A.K., et al. | Germany | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 180 | 73.0% (95% CI 58.1-84.3) | 99.3% (95% CI 96.0-100) |
| Cerutti, F., et al. | Italy | prosp. | unclear | yes | fresh or frozen | NP | 185 | 72.1% (95% CI 62.5*-80.5*) | 100% (95% CI 95.6*-100*) |
| Möckel, M., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP/OP | 2020 | 72.0% (95% CI 53.3-86.7) | 99.4% (95% CI 97.3-99.9) |
| Krüttgen, A., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | frozen | NP | 150 | 70.7% (95% CI 59.0*-80.6*) | 96.0% (95% CI 88.9*-99.2*) |
| Nalumansi, A., et al. | Uganda | prosp. | low concern | yes | cooled (4°C) | NP | 262 | 70.0% (95% CI 60.0-79.0) | 92.0% (95% CI 87.0-96.0) |
| Osterman, A., et al. | Germany | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | NP/OP | 386 | 64.5% (95% CI 58.4-70.1) | 97.7% (95% CI 95.6-98.8) |
| Kannian, P., et al. | India | retro. | high concern | yes | unclear | saliva | 37 | 56.0% (not provided) | 100% (not provided) |
| Olearo, F., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | OP | 184 | 49.4% (95% CI 38.9-59.9) | 100% (95% CI 96.3-100) |
| Cerutti, F., et al. | Italy | prosp. | unclear | yes | fresh | NP | 145 | 40.0% (95% CI 5.3*-85.3*) | 100% (95% CI 97.4*-100*) |
| Shenzen Bioeasy Biotechnology, 2019-nCov Antigen Rapid Test Kit | |||||||||
| Porte, L., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | yes | cooled (4°C) | NP/OP | 127 | 93.9% (95% CI 86.5-97.4) | 100% (95% CI 92.1*-100*) |
| Weitzel, T., et al. | Chile | retro. | high concern | no | frozen | NP/OP | 111 | 85.0% (95% CI 75.6-91.2) | 100% (95% CI 89.0-100) |
| Parada-Ricart, E., et al. | Spain | unclear | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP | 172 | 73.1%* (95% CI 52.2*-88.4*) | 85.6%* (95% CI 78.9*-90.9*) |
| Krüger, L.J., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | fresh | NP/OP | 727 | 66.7% (95% CI 41.7-84.8) | 93.1% (95% CI 91-94.8) |
| Siemens Healthineers, CLINITEST® Rapid COVID-19 Antigen Test | |||||||||
| Torres, I. et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 178 | 80.2% (95% CI 70.9-87.1) | 100% (95% CI 95.8-100) |
| Torres, I. et al. | Spain | prosp. | low concern | yes | fresh | NP | 92 | 60.0% (95% CI 40.7-76.6) | 100% (95% CI 94.6-100) |
| Olearo, F., et al. | Germany | prosp. | intermediate concern | yes | unclear | OP | 170 | 54.9% (95% CI 43.4-65.9) | 100% (95% CI 96.3-100) |
* Values differ from those provided in the respective manuscript due to missing or contradictory data.
In data sets with underlined sample sizes the samples were used in head-to-head studies, performing different Ag-RDTs on the same patient.
Abbreviations: prosp. = prospective; retro. = retrospective; NP = nasopharyngeal; OP = oropharyngeal; AN = anterior nasal; MT = mid turbine; LRT = lower respiratory tract; CI = confidence interval
Follow this link to get to the methods and sources section.
Furthermore, the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute has published a list of Ag-RDTs that they consider to perform to the state of the art. The list can be found following this link.
In addition to the evaluation of Ag-RDTs, we would also like to call attention to further research relevant to this topic.
Correlation of antigen and RNA concentrations:
- Pollock, N.R., et al., Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen and RNA concentrations in nasopharyngeal samples from children and adults using an ultrasensitive and quantitative antigen assay. medRxiv. 2020. [36]
Teststrategies:
- Larremore, D.B., et al., Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 surveillance. medRxiv. 2020. [15]
- van Beek, J., et al., From more testing to smart testing: data-guided SARS-CoV-2 testing choices. medRxiv. 2020. [16]
- Paltiel, A.D., Zheng, A. und Walensky, R.P., Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 screening strategies to permit the safe reopening of college campuses in the United States. JAMA network open 3.7. 2020. [17]
- Pavelka, M., et al., The effectiveness of population-wide, rapid antigen test based screening in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in Slovakia. medRxiv. 2020. [48]
Alternative sampling-methods:
- Lindner, A.K., et al., Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected anterior nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab. medRxiv. 2020. [18]
- Lindner, A.K., et al., Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with professional-collected nasal versus nasopharyngeal swab. medRxiv. 2020. [52]
Evaluation of the Abbott, Panbio in a low prevalence setting for monitoring:
- Winkel, B.M.F., et al., Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic individuals using the Panbio COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test (Abbott) compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv. 2020. [50]
Economic modelling: